The Lewis theoryĪ still broader acid and base theory was proposed by American physical chemist Gilbert Newton Lewis.
Note that the hydroxide ion does not appear in this equation, a point differentiating the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry theories. The equilibrium favours the weaker acid and base, in this case the products.
The acid-base reaction is the transfer of the hydrogen ion from the acid (HCl) to the base (NH 3). HCl(aq) + H 2O (l) → H 3O +(aq) +Cl −(aq) Using the Brønsted-Lowry theory, the reaction of ammonia and hydrochloric acid in water is represented by the following equation: NH 3(aq) + HCl(aq) → NH 4 +(aq) + Cl −(aq) Hydrochloric acid and the chlorine ion are one conjugate acid-base pair, and the ammonium ion and ammonia are the other. Hydrochloric acid, a strong acid, ionizes completely in water to form the hydronium and chlorine (Cl −) ions in a product-favoured reaction. Acids are classified as strong or weak, depending on whether the equilibrium favours the reactants or products. Dissolving an acid in water to form the hydronium ion and the anion of the acid is an acid-base reaction. The Brønsted-Lowry theory is often closely associated with the solvent water. Whether the equilibrium lies toward the reactants (reactant-favoured) or the products (product-favoured) is determined by the relative strengths of the acids and bases. The advantage of this theory is its predictive capacity.
acid (1) + base (2) ⇌ base (1) + acid (2) (The double arrows, ⇌, indicate that the products can re-form the reactants in a dynamic process.)Īcid (1) and base (1) are called a conjugate acid-base pair, as are acid (2) and base (2). In this theory, the reaction of an acid and base is represented as an equilibrium reaction. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!Ī somewhat more general acid-base theory, the Brønsted-Lowry theory, named after Danish chemist Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and English chemist Thomas Martin Lowry, defines an acid as a proton donor and a base as a proton acceptor.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.
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